What the matrix is doing

A 2D rotation matrix turns every point around the origin by the same angle while preserving length and area.

The columns show where the basis vectors land after rotation. That is why the first column is tied directly to the rotated unit vector.

Use the preview to confirm direction before copying the matrix into notes, classwork, or another tool.

Quick reminders

  • Positive angles rotate counterclockwise.
  • coshetacos heta and sinhetasin heta control every matrix entry.
  • Angles in radians are accepted directly if that is the form you already have.